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Jews Readmitted to England (27 July 1656)

The readmission of Jews to England in 1656 marked a quiet but profound shift in English religious life, revealing how the Reformation reshaped ideas of tolerance, Scripture, and national identity. A Return After Centuries of Exile On 27 July 1656, a small group of Sephardic Jews petitioned Oliver Cromwell’s government for permission to live openly in England. Their request was simple: allow them to worship freely, bury their dead, and trade without fear of expulsion. It was a modest appeal. Its significance was enormous. Jews had been expelled from England in 1290 by Edward I. For more than three centuries, England had no legally recognised Jewish community. Their return in 1656 was not announced with fanfare. No public decree was issued. No formal act of Parliament was passed. Instead, Cromwell quietly allowed them to stay. This understated decision became one of the most important moments in the history of religious toleration in the English-speaking world. Why Jews Were Expelled in ...
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Heinrich Bullinger: The Quiet Stabiliser of the Reformation

 Heinrich Bullinger doesn’t get the same spotlight as Luther, Calvin, or Knox — and he would have been perfectly fine with that. Yet after Zwingli’s death at Kappel, it was Bullinger who stepped into the chaos, steadied Zurich, and quietly ensured the Swiss Reformation didn’t collapse. Where others thundered, Bullinger built.

From Student to Pastor‑Theologian

Bullinger began as a young scholar fascinated by Scripture and the early church fathers. His studies led him toward Reformation convictions, and he soon became a preacher known for clarity, warmth, and pastoral care. When Zwingli fell in battle in 1531, Zurich needed stability. Bullinger provided it with:

  • steady leadership

  • careful teaching

  • a commitment to unity without compromise

He wasn’t dramatic — he was dependable.

A Bridge Between Reformers

Bullinger became one of the most connected figures of the 16th century. He corresponded with:

  • Calvin in Geneva

  • Cranmer and the English reformers

  • exiles fleeing persecution under Mary I

  • pastors across Germany, France, and the Netherlands

His home became a refuge for displaced believers, and his letters helped knit the Reformed world together.

The Second Helvetic Confession

Bullinger’s greatest contribution came late in life: the Second Helvetic Confession (1566). Originally written as a personal statement of faith, it became one of the most widely adopted Reformed confessions, shaping churches in:

  • Switzerland

  • Scotland

  • Hungary

  • parts of Germany

  • and later, the global Reformed tradition

It is clear, pastoral, and deeply rooted in Scripture — a reflection of Bullinger himself.

A Legacy of Steady Faithfulness

Bullinger died in 1575 after more than four decades of ministry. His legacy is quieter than some of his contemporaries, but no less significant. He:

  • stabilised the Swiss Reformation

  • strengthened international Protestant networks

  • shaped Reformed theology through his writings

  • mentored a generation of pastors and exiles

Bullinger may not have been the loudest voice of the Reformation, but he was one of its most reliable — a steady hand in a turbulent age.

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